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| 202 BC |
| | | Hannibal suffers his first decisive defeat by a Roman army, at an unidentified site in north Africa called Zama | |
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| 196 BC |
| | | The text of the Rosetta stone is chiselled into a black basalt slab in the three scripts hieroglyphic Egyptian, demotic Egyptian, and Greek | |
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| 149 BC |
| | | Rome picks a quarrel with Carthage to begin the Third Punic War | |
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| 146 BC |
| | | Carthage is destroyed by the Romans at the end of the Third Punic War | |
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| -80 BC |
| | | The 26-year-old Pompey conducts such a successful campaign in Africa that his soldiers hail him as Pompey the Great | |
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| 51 BC |
| | | In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers | |
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| 46 BC |
| | | A town is founded by Julius Caesar on the ruined site of Carthage, and eventually flourishes as Colonia Julia Carthago | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast, | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control | |
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